Ownership structure determines flexibility. Separate accounts provide direct security ownership, tax-lot visibility, and structural customization that pooled vehicles cannot replicate.
In a separately managed account (SMA), the investor owns each underlying security. In a fund or ETF, the investor owns shares of a pooled vehicle.
Direct ownership allows harvesting losses at the individual security level, rather than relying solely on ETF-level turnover events.
Investors may impose written restrictions on specific securities or industries. Pooled vehicles cannot be customized per investor.
Long/short overlays, completion portfolios, and dedicated short exposure require structural flexibility not available within traditional fund wrappers.
Pooled ownership
Uniform mandate across investors
Limited tax customization
No investor-level mandate control
Direct security ownership
Investor-level restrictions
Tax-lot management flexibility
Mandate-specific overlays possible
The Structural Audit evaluates whether separate account architecture may be appropriate based on concentration, tax constraints, and mandate alignment.